Web Directory

» A Lichen in Close-up
   Images of a lichen at three different magnifications, the most detailed showing the algal and fungal components.
   http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artoct03/arfungi.html

» Black Lichen: Lichina pygmaea
   Photograph and information on this maritime species and a map showing its distribution in Britain.
   http://www.marlin.ac.uk/speciesinformation.php?speciesID=3671

» Black Shields: Tephromela atra
   Photograph and information on this species with a map showing its distribution in Britain.
   http://www.marlin.ac.uk/speciesinformation.php?speciesID=4436

» British Soldier Lichen
   Student project on Cladonia cristatella with classification, habitat, phylogenetics and environmental interactions.
   http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/2010/bowers_ryan/Templates/bsl.htm

» Caloplaca coralloides
   Research project by Megan Kelso provides photographs and plenty of information on this lichen which can be found living on rocks close to the sea.
   http://www.mbari.org/staff/conn/botany/lichens/index.htm

» Catalog of California Lichens
   1575 species have been identified from this state, the great geographic diversity being responsible for the relatively large number of lichens found.
   http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/constancea/84/index.html

» Cetraria islandica
   Photograph and information on this lichen which has been used as a food in time of famine.
   http://www.lichen.com/bigpix/Cislandica.html

» Cetraria islandica: Iceland Moss
   Information on the edible, medicinal and other uses of this lichen from the Plants for a Future database.
   http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Cetraria+islandica

» Checklist of UK Recorded Lichens
   Provides a list of all the species known to be found in the United Kingdom.
   http://www.thebls.org.uk/content/checklist.html

» Cladina: Reindeer Lichens
   Information and photographs of Cladina mitis, C. rangiferina and C. stellaris, their description, habitat and other notes.
   http://www.borealforest.org/lichens/lichen3.htm

» Cladonia cristatella
   Article by Tom Volk on the British soldier lichen, where the fungal element is associated with the green alga, Trebouxia erici.
   http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/jul2002.html

» Cladonia rangifera
   Article by Tom Volk on this lichen, often known as Reindeer Moss, and on lichens in general.
   http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/dec2000.html

» Cladonia: Club Lichens and Cup Lichens
   Photographs and information on these lichens, their description, habitat and other notes.
   http://www.borealforest.org/lichens/lichen4.htm

» Common Orange Lichen: Xanthoria parietina
   Photograph and information on this species and a map showing its distribution round the coasts of Britain.
   http://www.marlin.ac.uk/speciesinformation.php?speciesID=4585

» Cryptothecia rubrocincta, the Christmas Lichen
   Photographs and article by Tom Volk on this spectacular lichen which can be found in the tropical regions of the Americas.
   http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/dec2006.html

» FIA Lichen Indicator
   The Forest Inventory and Analysis service in the United States monitors the lichen community in order to assess the impact of air pollution on forest health.
   http://www.fia.fs.fed.us/program-features/indicators/lichen/

» Growth and Development in Lichens
   Each species of lichen has its own preferred substrate. This article describes how and where they grow and the extremes of climate that they can tolerate.
   http://www.earthlife.net/lichens/growth.html

» Identifying North American Lichens: A Guide to the Literature
   Provides general lichen references including works for beginners, lichen keys online, and a lichen bibliography by genus.
   http://www.huh.harvard.edu/collections/lichens/guide/index.html

» Introduction to Lichens
   A lichen is a combination of two organisms which live together intimately. Information on their fossil record, life history and ecology, systematics and morphology.
   http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/lichens/lichens.html

» LIAS
   Provides a global information system for lichenized and non-lichenized ascomycetes.
   http://www.lias.net/

» Letharia vulpina
   Photograph of Wolf Lichen which in the past was put to many uses by the indigenous peoples in North America.
   http://www.lichen.com/bigpix/Lvulpina.html

» Lichen Determination Keys Available on the Internet
   Provides links to keys providing details of the lichens that can be found in many countries throughout the world.
   http://www.bgbm.fu-berlin.de/sipman/keys/

» Lichen Images
   Provides photographs of about 50 species.
   http://www.wildaboutbritain.co.uk/gallery/browseimages.php?c=76&userid=

» Lichen Pictures
   Photographs of Acolium hawaiiense, Acroscyphus sphaerophoroides, Anaptychia leucomelos, Bacidia medialis, Bryoria furcellata, B. smithii, Buellia aeruginascens, B. proximata, B. pruinosa, B. tincta, Caloplaca erythrantha and Teloschistes flavicans.
   http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/cpsu/pictures/0.html

» Lichen Portrait Gallery
   Photographs of over eighty species of lichen from North America.
   http://www.lichen.com/portraits.html

» Lichenland
   Offers ways to find out more about lichens including Lichenlite, an introduction for children. For more advanced study there is a synoptic key and an identification aid.
   http://ocid.nacse.org/lichenland/

» Lichens
   Photographs of several species of lichen growing in their natural habitat in Hawaii.
   http://nativehawaiianflora.com/pages/l-n/lichen.html

» Lichens as Bioindicators of Air Pollution
   Technical article discussing how lichens play prominent roles in air pollution studies because of their sensitivity to different gaseous pollutants, particularly sulfur dioxide.
   http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Entomology/courses/en570/papers_1996/simonson.html

» Lichens of North America
   Details of the book of this name, and an interesting introduction to the biology of lichens and their relationships with man and the environment.
   http://www.lichen.com/

» Lichens: Dual Organisms
   Twenty four photographs ranging from lichen covered rock faces, through individual species to magnified sections, published in a pictorial supplement to the Fifth Kingdom.
   http://www.mycolog.com/chapter7.htm

» Life on the Rocks
   A peep into the world of lichens by Paul James with photographs of a number of species growing in Wales.
   http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun02/pjlichens.html

» Niebla and Vermilacinia Communities
   Photographs and information on the lichens in the Ramalinaceae family found in California and Baja California.
   http://www.worldbotanical.com/niebla_communities.htm

» Orange Sea Lichen: Caloplaca marina
   Photograph and information on this maritime species with a map showing its distribution in Britain.
   http://www.marlin.ac.uk/speciesinformation.php?speciesID=2863

» Parelle: Ochrolechia parella
   Photograph and information on this maritime species with a map showing its distribution in Britain.
   http://www.marlin.ac.uk/speciesinformation.php?speciesID=3933

» Peltigera aphthosa
   Photograph and description of the freckle pelt or spotted dog lichen, its habitat and other notes.
   http://www.borealforest.org/lichens/lichen8.htm

» Plants Profile for Fayodia striatula
   Details of this lichenous member of the family Tricholomataceae.
   http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=FAST

» Ramalina fastigiata with Xanthoria parietina
   Photograph of these two lichens growing together on a branch.
   http://www.clear-mind-photos.com/lichens_-_fruticose_-_on_bark/ramalina_fastigiata_with_xanthoria_parietina_070608_01.htm

» Reproduction and Reproductive Structures
   Outline with diagrams of the two fundamentally different sorts of reproductive bodies possessed by lichens, and the three main types of vegetative reproduction where pieces of lichen detach.
   http://www.earthlife.net/lichens/reproduction.html

» Sac Fungi (Ascomycota)
   Photographs and information on a number of species of lichen associated with a marine habitat.
   http://www.marlin.ac.uk/phylumdetails.php?phylum=2857

» Sea Ivory: Ramalina siliquosa
   Photograph and information on this maritime species and a map showing its distribution in Britain.
   http://www.marlin.ac.uk/speciesinformation.php?speciesID=4235

» Tar Lichen: Verrucaria maura
   Photograph and information on this maritime species with a map showing its distribution round the coasts of Britain.
   http://www.marlin.ac.uk/speciesinformation.php?speciesID=4572

» The Earthlife Web Lichen Image Directory
   About 40 images of lichens, including some unidentified ones.
   http://www.earthlife.net/lichens/images/photos/thumbs/thumbs1.html

» The World of Lichenology
   Information on the International Association of Lichenologists, photographs of various lichens and links to other lichen-related websites.
   http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/cpsu/lichen1.html

» Verrucaria mucosa
   Photograph and information on this maritime species and a map showing its distribution in Britain.
   http://www.marlin.ac.uk/speciesinformation.php?speciesID=4573

» Walton Hall Nature Trail
   Take a walk through the churchyard to see what lichens grow on the different man-made outcrops of stone.
   http://www.open.ac.uk/Nature_Trail/Lichen.htm