Web Directory

» 1% the Code
   Chuck Moore, father of Forth, says programs can be far smaller in colorForth than C. No code samples.
   http://www.colorforth.com/1percent.html

» 99 Bottles of Beer on the Wall
   Shows source code implementation for the same simple program across over 250 different programming languages.
   http://www.99-bottles-of-beer.net/

» A Comparative Overview of C#
   Also compares C#, Java, C++. By Ben Albahari.
   http://genamics.com/developer/csharp_comparative.htm

» A Comparison between 10 Languages
   Table compares 13 traits at top, 10 languages to side: BETA, C#, C++, C-Talk, Eiffel, Java, Object Pascal, Ruby, Sather, Smalltalk.
   http://www.ntecs.de/old-hp/s-direktnet/langcomp.en.html

» A Comparison between BETA, C++, Eiffel, Java, Object Pascal, Ruby and Smalltalk
   Table compares 12 traits to side, 7 languages at top.
   http://www.ntecs.de/old-hp/s-direktnet/lang_cmp.en.htm

» A Comparison of Ada and Real-Time Java for Safety-Critical Applications
   Slide show, was Best Paper at Ada Europe 2006 Conference, Porto, Portugal. By Ben Brosgol, AdaCore; Andy Wellings, University of York, UK. Text, diagrams.
   http://www.adacore.com/wp-content/files/attachments/PaperPresentationAE2006-Brosgol.pdf

» ASP vs. PHP
   Brief text compares website building languages ASP, PHP on several points. [WebProNews]
   http://www.webpronews.com/expertarticles/2005/12/22/asp-vs-php

» Accumulator Generator
   Compares canonical solutions to same problem as code samples in: C++, Dylan, E, Erlang, Haskell, JavaScript, Lisp (Arc, Common, Goo, Scheme), Lua, Maple, Mathematica, Oz-Mozart, NewtonScript, Perl, Python, REBOL, Ruby, Smalltalk, VBScript. [Paul Graham]
   http://www.paulgraham.com/accgen.html

» Ada 95, Java, and C++
   Some think Java is like C++. Usual C++ idioms do not apply to Java as it is not a C++ superset or subset; Java is a derivation with many modifications, extensions. Both language syntax are alike, but semantics and philosophy are very different. Java is ne
   http://www.adahome.com/Resources/Languages/chart3.html

» Ada and Java: Realtime Advantages
   Compares C, Ada, Java, for flaws and strengths in realtime programming, embedded software, built-in support for multithreading; text, code samples. Embedded.com.
   http://www.embedded.com/columns/technicalinsights/16100316?_requestid=442880

» Ada, C, C++, and Java vs. The Steelman
   Compares 4 programming languages (Ada 95, C, C++, Java) with the needs of "Steelman", original 1978 requirements document for Ada language. Big detailed table.
   http://www.adahome.com/History/Steelman/steeltab.htm

» An Empirical Comparison of C, C++, Java, Perl, Python, Rexx, and Tcl
   By Lutz Prechelt. Neutral, quantitative analysis of 7 languages in title, for 7 variables, via 80 implementations of the same requirement set. PDF format. [IEEE Computer]
   http://page.mi.fu-berlin.de/~prechelt/Biblio/jccpprt_computer2000.pdf

» An Empirical Comparison of C, C++, Java, Perl, Python, Rexx, and Tcl for a Search/string-processing Program
   One set of requirements, 80 implementations, coded by 74 different programmers in various languages, compared for properties: run time, memory use, source text length, comment density, program structure, reliability, effort needed.
   http://page.mi.fu-berlin.de/prechelt/Biblio/jccpprtTR.pdf

» Are Scripting Languages the Wave of the Future?
   Programming guru, Robert Martin, on languages of the coming decade. [ITworld.com]
   http://www.itworld.com/itw-0314-rcmappdevint

» C# Strikes a Chord
   Compares 4 languages: C, C++, C#, Java. Shows family genealogy. [Dr. Dobb's Journal]
   http://www.ddj.com/cpp/184404409

» C# from a Java Developer's Perspective
   Thorough article by Dare Obasanjo, treats most similarities and differences between the two languages: features in Java and not in C#, and features in C# and not in Java. Text, tables, code, resources.
   http://www.25hoursaday.com/CsharpVsJava.html

» C#: A Language Alternative or Just J--?, Part 1
   Compares C# to Java, describes features and design trade-offs, places C# in context of broader Microsoft .Net strategy. Text, tables, code samples, links. By Mark Johnson. First article of 2-part series. [JavaWorld]
   http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-11-2000/jw-1122-csharp1.html

» C++ vs. Java vs. Python vs. Ruby: A First Impression
   Essay compares aspects of the languages, one page allows matched comparing of code of a red-black tree algorithm in each language.
   http://www.dmh2000.com/cjpr/

» C++??: A Critique of C++ (3rd ed.)
   A critical view on the C++ and C programming language.
   http://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/SOFTWARE/OO/tools/java/misc/ACritiqueOfC++.pdf

» CLOS, Eiffel, and Sather: A Comparison
   References, zipped Postscript, and inlined gifs.
   http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/~sather/Publications/tr-91-047.html

» Comparing Development Costs of C and Ada
   Article by Stephen F. Zeigler. Analysis of a case where most variables were controlled enough to make a comparison between development costs (time, error rates, code size, ...) of the 2 languages.
   http://www.adaic.com/whyada/ada-vs-c/cada_art.html

» Comparing PHP with Other Languages
   Text compares several traits of ASP.NET, C#, PHP, Java, Lisp, Perl, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk. Article with forum posts. [Professional PHP]
   http://www.procata.com/blog/archives/2006/02/09/comparing-php-with-other-languages/

» Comparison of Oberon-2 with Modula-2
   Short text summary of main features of Oberon-2; target audience: Modula-2 programmers unfamiliar with Oberon-2, but familiar with object-oriented and extensible programming concepts.
   http://www.zel.org/oberon/compo2m2.htm

» Comparisons of Tcl with Other Systems
   Many comparisons between Tcl/Tk and other similar systems, most copied from comp.lang.tcl.
   http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/sai/ss96/uxdb2/comparison.html

» D vs Other Languages
   Yes-No table with definitions compares D, C, C++, C#, Java, on: GC, functions, arrays, OOP, performance, reliability, compatibility, conditional compiling. [Digital Mars]
   http://www.digitalmars.com/d/2.0/comparison.html

» Eiffel and Delphi Compared
   Text compares differences of several main aspects.
   http://www.berenddeboer.net/eiffel/eiffel_and_delphi.html

» Examples of Programs in Different Programming Languages
   Compares 129 (or 157?) languages, via 418 code samples, and growing.
   http://www.ntecs.de/old-hp/uu9r/lang/html/lang.en.html

» Forth Versus C
   Pro-Forth question and answer text, some questions have several answers.
   http://www.inventio.co.uk/forthvsc.htm

» Forth and Not C
   Pro-Forth text explains why C is used more than Forth.
   http://www.inventio.co.uk/forthnc.htm

» Four-fold Increase in Productivity and Quality
   Published internal study, of Ericsson AXD 301 ATM switch project, using Erlang, C, C++, Java. Results: programmer productivity, code error rates, roughly proportional to source code size.
   http://www.erlang.se/publications/Ulf_Wiger.pdf

» Gnat and Linux: C++ and Java Under Fire
   Compares Ada, Java, C, C++, Delphi. Text, tables. Gnat and Linux orientation. [Linux Gazette]
   http://linuxgazette.net/issue33/burtch.html

» Guidelines for Choosing a Computer Language: Support for the Visionary Organizations
   Multipage study compares: 4GL/5GL, 3GL (Ada 95, C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, Java, Smalltalk), 2GL (Assembly). Divides language (definition) from traits of products that implement and support it. Several sections, tables, appendixes.
   http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/content.htm

» HOPL: An Interactive Roster of Programming Languages
   History of Programming Languages encyclopedia, over 8,500 languages, full verified references, code samples, big bibliography, biographical-institutional material, 4,000 language family tree.
   http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/

» Haskell and Scheme: Which One and Why?
   Text comparison. ScienceBlogs LLC; Good Math, Bad Math.
   http://scienceblogs.com/goodmath/2006/10/haskell_and_scheme_which_one_a.php

» History and Comparison of Programming Languages
   Files compare statements in several different languages, tracing from early to present languages.
   http://www.gavilan.edu/csis/languages/history.html

» Io Comparisons
   Compares a few variables (size, speed, syntax) in many languages: Brain, C, Cel, F-Script, Forth (gForth, pForth), Icon, Java (Kaffe), Lisp (CLisp, Guile, LispMe, Scheme48), Lua, Perl, Pike, Python, Ruby, Self, Smalltalk (GNU, Squeak, SuperCollider), Tcl.
   http://www.iolanguage.com/about/simplicity/

» Java and C++ Resource Management Comparison
   Detailed discussion of the techniques used in Java and C++ to implement leak free and exception safe resource management. Covers memory management, finalizers, destructors and finally blocks with examples.
   http://www.fatalmind.com/papers/java_vs_cplusplus/resource.pdf

» Java and C-sharp Compared
   Briefly compares several traits; text, code samples.
   http://www.csharphelp.com/archives/archive96.html

» Java vs Ruby: A Comparison of the Key Elements
   Compares building blocks of two languages, in text and code samples. Developer.com.
   http://www.developer.com/open/article.php/3716356/

» Java vs. C#
   Code for code comparison. All features on both languages are compared.
   http://www.javacamp.org/javavscsharp/index.html

» Languages Versus D
   Growing table compares D, C, C++, C#, Java, Delphi, Python, Perl, Eiffel, Sather, Smalltalk, Lisp/CLOS, Ada. Many clarifying comments below. [Wiki4D, Open Content]
   http://www.prowiki.org/wiki4d/wiki.cgi?LanguagesVersusD

» Linux Number Crunching: Benchmarking Languages
   Compares performance of Intel Fortran and C++, gcc, and IBM, Sun and GNU Java compilers, on an Intel Linux platform.
   http://www.coyotegulch.com/reviews/number_crunching/

» Lisp as an Alternative to Java
   Ron Garret / Erann Gat comparison, starts from 1999 Prechelt study results, adds many insights; as text, a few tables. [Intelligence]
   http://www.flownet.com/gat/papers/lisp-java.pdf

» Multi-Core Ant Colony Optimization for TSP in Erlang
   Compares Erlang, GHC Haskell, Standard ML (Alice, MLton); text, tables, graphs.
   http://eric_rollins.home.mindspring.com/erlangAnt.html

» Nine Language Performance Round-up: Benchmarking Math & File I/O
   Small-scale benchmark test run on 9 languages or variants: Java 1.3.1 and 1.4.2, C via gcc 3.3.1, Python 2.3.2 and via Psyco 1.1.1, 4 from Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003: Visual Basic/C#/C++/J#.
   http://www.osnews.com/story/5602

» PLEAC: Programming Language Examples Alike Cookbook
   Suite of common programming problems solved in Ada, C++, Erlang, Guile, Haskell, Java, Masd, merd, NASM, Objective Caml, Perl, Pliant, Python, Ruby, Tcl.
   http://pleac.sourceforge.net/

» Perl vs. Python vs. Ruby
   Comparison with text, code samples, many reader comments. Michael Tsai weblog.
   http://mjtsai.com/blog/2002/11/25/perl_vs_python_vs_ruby/

» Programming Information from HB
   Text descriptions compare C/C++, Java, Pascal, Basic, VeraStream; Oracle; HTML, XML; JavaScript, PHP.
   http://www.cybercomm.nl/~broers/programming.html

» Programming Language Benchmarks
   Compares the same program in Ada, C, Forth, FORTRAN, Java, Lisp, Perl, R, Ruby. Goal: support decisions in language choice for making compute-intensive Web programs. Text, table, code samples.
   http://dan.corlan.net/bench.html

» Programming Language Categories
   Brief text compares 6 basic language types: general scripting, programmer scripting, application development, low-level, pure functional, complete core.
   http://www.cs.oberlin.edu/~jwalker/languageCategories.html

» Programming Language Comparison
   Table and text compares many features of some popular object-oriented languages: C++, C#, Eiffel, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk, Visual Basic.
   http://www.jvoegele.com/software/langcomp.html

» Programming Language Critiques: Pascal, C, C++, and C-Linda
   Text compares languages on many points; by Jim Basney.
   http://www.infoplanic.ch/teko/thema/pascal/pashtml/critique.html

» Programming Languages Mini-howto
   Briefly compares major Linux programming languages: C, C++, Fortran, Java, Lisp, Perl, PHP, Python, Tcl; by Risto S. Varanka.
   http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Programming-Languages.html

» Programming Languages Study
   Includes: diagram, history of languages; history of language concepts; syntax across languages; Scriptometer measures scripting ease of languages; mutability and sharing of various values in various languages.
   http://merd.sourceforge.net/pixel/language-study/

» Python Compared to Other Languages
   Many links to comparisons involving Python.
   http://wiki.python.org/moin/LanguageComparisons

» Qtime Collection, FTP Download, Gzipped
   Display time as English sentence, coded in: AWK, C, ICI, Icon, JavaScript, Lite/mSQL, PHP3, Pike, Python, REBOL, Rexx, Ruby, SLang, Spanner. Tested on only Linux (all) and AmigaOS (C and Rexx versions).
   ftp://www.ibiblio.org/pub/linux/devel/lang/misc/

» Quantifying the Debate: Ada vs. C++
   Tables and text compare Ada 83/95, C, C++; mainly costs, reliability. By Donald J. Reifer. [CrossTalk]
   http://www.stsc.hill.af.mil/crosstalk/1996/07/quantify.asp

» Ray Tracer Language Comparison
   Mini ray tracer benchmark written equivalently in C++, Java, SML, Objective Caml, Lisp, Scheme. Compares verbosity, performance; text, code samples, tables, image, graph. [Flying Frog Consultancy]
   http://www.ffconsultancy.com/languages/ray_tracer/

» Reasons for TOM
   TOM attempts to address flaws in these languages: C++, Cecil, Common Lisp, Eiffel, Java, Objective-C, Smalltalk.
   http://gerbil.org/tom/doc/why.shtml

» Ruby Versus Nine Object-Oriented Languages
   Compares Ruby, Objective-C, Smalltalk-80, C++, Java, Python, CLOS, Perl5, PHP, Dylan.
   http://www.approximity.com/ruby/Comparison_rb_st_m_java.html

» Schizoid Classes: Of Class, Type, and Method
   Compares Java and Smalltalk, in text and table. By Rodney Bates. [ACM Queue]
   http://acmqueue.com/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=205

» Seven Reasons I Switched Back to PHP after Two Years on Rails
   Derek Sivers spent two years trying to make Rails do something it wasn't meant to do, then realized his old abandoned language (PHP) would do just fine if approached with my new Rails-gained wisdom.
   http://www.oreillynet.com/ruby/blog/2007/09/7_reasons_i_switched_back_to_p_1.html

» Simple Programs in Various Different Programming Languages
   Common algorithms and other sample code in the languages: Bash and Bourne shells, C/C++, Java, MATLAB/Octave, Perl, Python, Ruby, Scheme.
   http://cer.freeshell.org/renma/

» Syntax Across Languages
   Operator names and syntax elements in various programming languages.
   http://merd.sourceforge.net/pixel/language-study/syntax-across-languages.html

» TIOBE Programming Community Index: TPCI
   Updated monthly. Shows language popularity via world-wide availability of skilled engineers, courses, 3rd party vendors. Calculated from search engines Google, MSN, Yahoo.
   http://www.tiobe.com/content/paperinfo/tpci/

» TMXxine Languages
   Brief comparison Curl with High Level assembler, BCX, Dark Basic, Mono (C#/.Net implementation), Python, Squeak, XBasic/XBlite. Curl applet examples.
   http://www.cyber-shaktipat.org/relax/languages.html

» Team Eiffel: The Zen of Python, Part I
   Text compares Python and Eiffel, via Tim Peters' Zen rules.
   http://teameiffel.blogspot.com/2006/06/zen-of-python-part-i.html

» The BNF Web Club Language
   Browse, explore some programming language syntax rules, see relations between rules, understand them via BNF (Backus-Naur Form notation) and syntactic diagrams: SQL, PL/SQL, SQL2, IDL; Ada 95, Java, Modula-2; Lazy, Lisp, M5.
   http://cui.unige.ch/db-research/Enseignement/analyseinfo/

» The C Family of Languages
   Interview with Dennis Ritchie, Bjarne Stroustrup, James Gosling.
   http://www.gotw.ca/publications/c_family_interview.htm

» The Case against C
   Five short essays compare C (and C++ by extension) to Fortran: Why C is Not a Good Numerical Language, Why C is Not a Good First Language, C's Poor Loop Constructs, C's Pointers and Optimisation, Optimisation through Directives.
   http://www.tcm.phy.cam.ac.uk/~mjr/C/

» The Computer Language Benchmarks Game
   Performance measurements and source code for ~12 benchmark programs in ~30 languages; with side-by-side comparisons between any 2 programming language implementations, and interactive boxplot chart comparisons between any 15.
   http://shootout.alioth.debian.org/

» The Quine Page
   Collection of self-reproducing programs: each outputs a copy of its own source code; about 60 languages.
   http://www.nyx.net/~gthompso/quine.htm

» The ROT13 Page
   ROT13 implemented in many programming languages.
   http://www.miranda.org/~jkominek/rot13/

» The Zen of Python
   Compares traits of many languages, without naming any; by Tim Peters.
   http://www.awaretek.com/zen.html

» Timing Trials, or, the Trials of Timing: Experiments with Scripting and User-Interface Languages
   By Brian Kernighan, Christopher Van Wyk. Compares how fast C, Awk, Perl, Tcl, Java, Visual Basic, Limbo, Scheme, run a range of representative tasks. Text, tables, graphs, code samples.
   http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/bwk/interps/pap.html

» University of Michigan's Language Guide
   Each entry includes history, description, code examples, and references.
   http://www.engin.umd.umich.edu/CIS/course.des/cis400/

» Water Comparisons
   Two medium length documents compare object-oriented languages: Water with ConciseXML syntax, to JSP (JavaServer Pages) and Java; 1 brief list compares Water to PHP.
   http://waterlanguage.org/Comparisons.html

» What I Hate About Your Programming Language
   Text treats general aspects of language choices, then compares hatred of Perl, Python, Ruby, PHP, Java, C, C++, JavaScript, XSLT, SQL. With many forum comments. [ONLamp.com]
   http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2003/05/12/languagephilosophy.html

» What Languages Fix
   Compares many languages in brief text, describes each by the problem it fixes. [Paul Graham]
   http://paulgraham.com/fix.html

» What's Wrong with Perl
   Author explains what he considers wrong about Perl, presents Python as an alternative. Descriptions, code samples, links.
   http://www.garshol.priv.no/download/text/perl.html

» Why Pascal is Not My Favorite Programming Language
   Brian Kernighan's comparison of Pascal and C
   http://www.lysator.liu.se/c/bwk-on-pascal.html

» Why to Move from ASM to C
   Brief text compares Assembly to C; lower to higher level language. ScienceProg.
   http://www.scienceprog.com/why-to-move-from-asm-to-c/