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Top: Society: Philosophy: Reference: Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy:
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (303)
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» Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  
Online philosophy reference work, articles are authored and updated by experts in the field. Edited by Edward Zalta.
http://plato.stanford.edu/
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» Abstract Objects
Survey of attempts to draw the distinction between concrete and abstract objects; by Gideon Rosen.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/abstract-objects/
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» Action
Theories about intentional action and agency; by George Wilson.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/action/
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» Actualism
The thesis that there are no merely possible entities; by Christopher Menzel.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/actualism/
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» Adorno, Theodor
Life and work of 20th century German philosopher and critical theorist; by Lambert Zuidervaart.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/adorno/
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» Aesthetic Judgment
Philosophical theories about judgments of taste; by Nick Zangwill.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aesthetic-judgment/
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» Alan M. Turing
Life and work of philosopher and mathematician Alan Mathison Turing; by Andrew Hodges.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing/
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» Albert of Saxony
Life and work of 14th century German logician and philosopher; by Joël Biard.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/albert-saxony/
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» Alcmaeon
Life and work of early Greek medical writer and philosopher-scientist; by Carl Huffman.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/alcmaeon/
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» Analysis
The historical development and conceptual structure of philosophical analysis; by Michael Beaney.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/analysis/
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» Ancient Skepticism
Two movements in ancient philosophy, Pyrrhonism, and Academic Skepticism. By Leo Groarke.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/skepticism-ancient/
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» Animal Consciousness
By Colin Allen of Texas A & M, addressing the qualitative or phenomenological nature of experience.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-animal/
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» Archytas
Life and work of fourth century BC Greek mathematician, political leader and philosopher; by Carl Huffman.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/archytas/
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» Aristotle's Ethics
Discussion of Aristotle's ethical views; by Richard Kraut.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-ethics/
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» Aristotle's Logic
Survey of Aristotle's logical work, focus on the "Organon," syllogistic, and dialectic. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Robin Smith.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-logic/
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» Aristotle's Metaphysics
Aristotle's notions of category and substance; by S. Marc Cohen.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-metaphysics/
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» Aristotle's Political Theory
By Fred D. Miller, Jr of Bowling Green State University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-politics/
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» Aristotle's Psychology
Recounts the principal and distinctive claims of Aristotle's psychological writings, especially "De Anima." By Christopher Shields of the University of Colorado.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-psychology/
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» Aristotle's Rhetoric
Discussion of one of Aristotle's major works; by Christof Rapp.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-rhetoric/
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» Arthur Prior
Detailed biographical article by B. Jack Copeland of the University of Canterbury.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/prior/
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» Arthur Schopenhauer
Life and work of 19th century German philosopher; by Robert Wicks.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schopenhauer/
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» Artifact
By Risto Hilpinen of the University of Miami.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/artifact/
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» Automated Reasoning
Survey of automated deduction and theorem proving; by Frederic Portoraro.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reasoning-automated/
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» Baruch Spinoza
Life and work of 17th century Dutch Rationalist philosopher; by Steven Nadler.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spinoza/
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» Bayes' Theorem
Discussion of a formula to calculate conditional probabilities which figures in subjectivist approaches to epistemology; by James Joyce.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bayes-theorem/
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» Bayesian Epistemology
Epistemological movement based on Bayesian confirmation and decision theory; by William Talbott.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-bayesian/
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» Behaviorism
By George Graham of University of Alabama at Birmingham.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behaviorism/
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» Being and Becoming in Modern Physics
Discusses implications of general relativity for the philosophy of time; by Steven Savitt.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-bebecome/
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» Benjamin Peirce
Life and work of 19th century mathematician and philosopher of mathematics; by Ivor Grattan-Guinness and Alison Walsh.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/peirce-benjamin/
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» Biodiversity
Discussion of philosophical issues related to biological diversity; by Daniel P. Faith.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/biodiversity/
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» Biological Altruism
Discussion of how altruistic behavior by organisms fits with the theory of evolution; by Samir Okasha.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/altruism-biological/
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» Bosanquet, Bernard
William Sweet of St. Francis Xavier University introduces the absolute idealist.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bosanquet/
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» Bradley, F. H.
By Stewart Candlish of the University of Western Australia.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bradley/
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» Brentano's Theory of Judgement
Discussion of Franz Brentano's foundation for logic and epistemology; by Johannes Brandl.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/brentano-judgement/
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» Bruno Bauer
Life and work of 19th century German philosopher; by Douglas Moggach.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bauer/
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» Category Theory
Jean-Pierre Marquis of the University of Montreal introduces the general mathematical theory of structures and systems of structures.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/category-theory/
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» Causal Processes
Bertrand Russell, Wesley Salmon, and conserved quantities. By Phil Dowe of the University of Tasmania.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-process/
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» Charles Hartshorne
Life and work of 20th Century metaphysician and philosopher of religion; by Dan Dombrowski.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hartshorne/
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» Charles Sanders Peirce
Life and work of 19th century American logician and philosopher; by Robert Burch.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/peirce/
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» Church-Turing Thesis
Jack Copeland of the University of Canterbury, New Zealand outlines this frequently misunderstood thesis.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/church-turing/
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» Classical Logic
Introduction to classical logic, including completeness and Löwenheim-Skolem theorems; by Stewart Shapiro.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-classical/
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» Cognitive Science
The study of mind and intelligence. By Paul Thagard of the University of Waterloo.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cognitive-science/
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» Coherence Theory of Truth
The truth of any (true) proposition consists in its coherence with some specified set of propositions. By James O. Young.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-coherence/
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» Collapse Theories
Survey of the dynamical reduction program; by Giancarlo Ghirardi.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-collapse/
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» Color
Metaphysical and epistemological accounts of color. By Barry Maund of the University of Western Australia.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/color/
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» Confucius
The life and work of the Chinese philosopher and educator; by Jeffrey Riegel.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/confucius/
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» Connectionism
Movement in cognitive science which hopes to explain human intellectual abilities using artificial neural networks. By James W. Garson of the University of Houston.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/connectionism/
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» Consciousness and Intentionality
Discussion of the connection between phenomenal consciousness and intentionality; by Charles Siewert.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-intentionality/
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» Consequentialism
The view that normative properties depend only on consequences; by Walter Sinnott-Armstrong.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consequentialism/
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» Constitutionalism
Philosophical survey of the idea that government should be limited in its powers by law; by Wil Waluchow.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/constitutionalism/
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» Constructive Mathematics
By Douglas Bridges from Waikato University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mathematics-constructive/
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» Contractarianism
By Ann E. Cudd, University of Kansas.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/contractarianism/
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» Cosmology and Theology
Deals with the cosmological argument. By John Leslie of the University of Guelph.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cosmology-theology/
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» Cosmopolitanism
The view that all human beings belong to a single community; by Pauline Kleingeld and Eric Brown.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cosmopolitanism/
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» Counterfactual Theories of Causation
Discussion of analysis of causal statements in terms of counterfactual conditionals; by Peter Menzies.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-counterfactual/
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» Curry's Paradox
Discussion of a semantic paradox due to Haskell B. Curry; by J. C. Beall.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/curry-paradox/
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» Dante Alighieri
Life and work of 13th century Italian poet and philosopher; by Winthrop Wetherbee.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dante/
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» David Hume
Life and work of 18th century Scottish philosopher; by William Edward Morris.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hume/
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» Death
Discussion of philosophical issues about death; by Steven Luper.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/death/
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» Deflationary Theory of Truth
According to the deflationary theory of truth, to assert that a statement is true is just to assert the statement itself. By Daniel Stoljar.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-deflationary/
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» Descartes' Epistemology
By Lex Newman of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-epistemology/
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» Descartes' Modal Metaphysics
Interpretations of René Descartes' ontology of necessities and possibilities; by David Cunning.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-modal/
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» Descartes' Ontological Argument
Discussion of René Descartes ontological proof of the existence of God; by Lawrence Nolan.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-ontological/
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» Desert
Moral issues of desert (punishment, success) and justice; by Owen McLeod.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/desert/
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» Determinates vs. Determinables
A distinction introduced by W. E. Johnson to apply, e.g., to red and colored; by David H. Sanford.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/determinate-determinables/
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» Dialetheism
Dialeth(e)ism is the view that there are true contradictions. By Graham Priest of the University of Queensland.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dialetheism/
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» Disjunction
Theory and history of the binary connective 'or'; by Ray Jennings.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/disjunction/
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» Distributive Justice
By Julian Lamont, University of Queensland.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justice-distributive/
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» Divine Illumination
Augustine's doctrine described by Robert Pasnau of the University of Colorado.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/illumination/
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» Doing vs. Allowing Harm
Views on the moral difference between doing harm and allowing harm; by Frances Howard-Snyder.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/doing-allowing/
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» Donald Davidson
Jeff Malpas of the University of Tasmania.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/davidson/
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» Egalitarianism
The view that people should get the same or be treated the same; by Richard Arneson.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/egalitarianism/
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» Eliminative Materialism
The view that some or all of the mental states posited by common-sense do not actually exist; by William Ramsey.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/materialism-eliminative/
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» Environmental Ethics
Branch of ethics dealing with the moral relationship of humans to the environment; by Andrew Brennan and Yeuk-Sze Lo.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-environmental/
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» Epiphenomenalism
Discusses the view that mental events are caused by physical events in the brain, but have no effects upon any physical events. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by William S. Robinson.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epiphenomenalism/
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» Episteme and Techne
Discussion of the distinction between knowledge and craft, or art in ancient philosophy; by Richard Parry.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/episteme-techne/
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» Epistemological Problems of Perception
Discussion of how sense experience justifies or warrants beliefs about the physical world; by Lawrence BonJour.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/perception-episprob/
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» Equality
Survey of social and political equality; by Stefan Gosepath.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/equality/
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» Events
Survey of philosophical views on the character and status of events; by Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/events/
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» Everett's Relative-State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics
Describes Everett's attempt to solve the measurement problem by dropping the collapse dynamics from the standard von Neumann-Dirac theory of quantum mechanics. By Jeffrey A. Barrett.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-everett/
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» Evolutionary Epistemology
Survey of naturalistic epistemology which emphasizes importance of natural selection; by Michael Bradie and William Harms
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-evolutionary/
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» Existence
By Barry Miller.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/existence/
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» Experiments in Physics
By Allan Franklin, University of Colorado.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physics-experiment/
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» Feminist Ethics
By Rosemarie Tong, Davidson College.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-ethics/
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» Feminist History of Philosophy
Survey of feminist writing on the philosophical canon; by Charlotte Witt.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-femhist/
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» Finitism in Geometry
Approaches to geometry that do not presuppose an infinity of points; by Jean-Paul van Bendegem.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/geometry-finitism/
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» Folk Psychology as a Theory
By Ian Ravenscroft, the Flinders University of South Australia.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/folkpsych-theory/
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» Formal Learning Theory
Discusses mathematical approaches to normative epistemology; by Oliver Schulte.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/learning-formal/
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» Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification
Survey of theories according to which knowledge and justified belief rest ultimately on a foundation of noninferential knowledge or justified belief. By Richard Fumerton of the University of Iowa.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justep-foundational
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» Francis of Marchia
Life and work of 14th century French theologian; by Christopher Schabel.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/francis-marchia/
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» Friedrich Daniel Schleiermacher
Life and work of the 18th century German philosopher; by Michael Forster.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schleiermacher/
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» Friedrich Nietzsche
Robert Wicks, University of Auckland.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nietzsche/
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» Fuzzy Logic
Survey of logical systems with a continuum of truth values; by Petr Hajek.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-fuzzy/
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» Game Theory
Von Neumann and Morgensterns mathematical theory of bargaining, introduced by Don Ross University of Cape Town.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/game-theory/
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» George Santayana
Life and work of early 20th century Spanish-born American philosopher; by Herman Saatkamp.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/santayana/
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» Giambattista Vico
Life and work of 18th century Italian philosopher; by Timothy Costelloe.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/vico/
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» Globalization
Social theory and philosophy issues in globalization; by William Scheuerman.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/globalization/
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» Gottlob Frege
Edward N. Zalta of the Metaphysics Research Lab.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/frege/
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» Harriet Taylor Mill
Life and work of 19th century English philosopher and proponent of women's rights; by Dale E. Miller.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/harriet-mill/
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» Hegel, G. W. F.
Paul Redding of the University of Sydney.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hegel/
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» Higher-order Theories of Consciousness
Theories which explain conscious states by their relations to higher-order representations of them; by Peter Carruthers.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-higher/
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» Hilbert's Program
In 1921, David Hilbert made a proposal for a formalist foundation of mathematics, for which a finitary consistency proof should establish the security of mathematics. By Richard Zach.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hilbert-program/
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» Holes
Short article by Roberto Casati of the École Polytechnique and Achille C. Varzi of Columbia.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/holes/
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» Homosexuality
Philosophical issues in homosexuality and queer theory; by Brent Pickett.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/homosexuality/
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» Identity Politics
History of the political activity and theorizing founded in the shared experiences of injustice of members of certain social groups; by Cressida Heyes.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-politics/
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» Identity Theory of Truth
When a truth-bearer is true, there is a truth-maker with which it is identical and the truth of the former consists in its identity with the latter. By Stewart Candlish.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-identity/
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» Identity and Individuality in Quantum Theory
Assesses the metaphysical implications of quantum theory by considering the impact of the theory on our understanding of objects as individuals with well defined identity conditions. By Steven French of Leeds University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-idind/
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» Immutability
The doctrine that God cannot undergo real change; by Brian Leftow.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/immutability/
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» Impartiality
Survey of views on moral impartiality; by Troy Jollimore.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/impartiality/
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» Inconsistent Mathematics
By Chris Mortensen, University of Adelaide.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mathematics-inconsistent/
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» Infinitary Logic
Infinitary Logic is a branch of formal logic where finitary formulae are replaced by potentially infinitary mathematical entities. By John L. Bell.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-infinitary/
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» Informal Logic
By Leo Groarke, Wilfrid Laurier University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-informal/
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» Integrity
Discussion of integrity as a virtue term; by Damian Cox, Marguerite La Caze, and Michael Levine.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/integrity/
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